Benefits of Social Networking

The Benefits of Social Networking Social media sites do more good than bad. They allow people to reconnect and create relationships, show creative expression in a new medium, and also bring people that share common interests together. Mark Zuckerberg said, â€Å"At Facebook, we build tools to help people connect with the people they want and share what they want, and by doing this we are extending people's capacity to build and maintain relationships. † Social media sites allow people to create new relationships and give them the opportunity to reconnect with friends and family.Increasing communication, even without being able to see a person, strengthens a relationship. Mike Chalmers wrote an article in USA Today that was about military families using Facebook and Skype to contact their families. Army Maj. Thomas Murphy would Skype with his wife and two daughters almost daily while his year in Iraq. â€Å"You could break away from the monotony of everyday stress and feel lik e you're back home for a bit,† said Murphy, (Chalmers). The connection made his deployment more bearable and eased his return home, said his wife.Bianca Murphy said, â€Å"He was part of their day-to-day life, so there was no adjustment that this was some stranger in a uniform,† (Chalmers). Some people have been able to keep friendships going after high school with social networking sites. Even though they can’t see that person as much as they once did they can see what’s still going on in their life. They’ve also been able to start new ones with the people they meet at college or work. Social media sites also allow for creative expression through blogging, messaging, photo storage, and much more.AC. Lowney and T. O’Brien presented a case of a 30-year-old patient with pontine glioblastoma multiform. On admission to the Specialist Palliative Care Inpatient Unit, he had a complete right hemiplegia. He would communicate with the staff by using t he notepad function of his iPad, and he would also use his iPad to update his blog. He’d updated the blog on an almost daily basis, describing his physical and psychological status, (Lowney). His blog also had messages of support from others with similar diagnoses.Blogging was this patient’s way to express the existential distress he was feeling since he was diagnosed with pontine glioblastoma multiform. He felt cheated on life, and being unable to hold his 1-year-old son was dreadful to him, (Lowney). Social media sites are a great way to express thoughts and feelings. Blogging is able to help people emotionally heal by connecting with people who also have the same problems and receive advice. Blogging is a creative way to inspire people, (Lowney). Finally, social media sites have the ability to bring people with common interests together. Highlight, works by rummaging through your Facebook account to see whom you know and what topics you like, (McCracken). It uses yo ur iPhone's GPS to inform you when a fellow conference attendee who's a former co-worker's buddy is in your immediate vicinity or when a good-looking patron who loves the same bands you do sits down at the other end of the bar,† (McCracken). Social media sites like Facebook, give people the ability to click on pages you’re interested to see other people with the same interest.Also, people who have a difficulty communicating in person could be more comfortable interacting over the sites, (McCracken). In conclusion, social media sites are able more good than bad. They allow people to reconnect and create relationships, show creative expression in a new medium, and also bring people together that share common interests. â€Å"The thing that we are trying to do at Facebook, is just help people connect and communicate more efficiently,† (Zuckerberg).

Lev Vygotsky’s Theory Essay

The development or the growing-up process of a child has been considered as the most critical and crucial part of a person’s life. It is in this stage where most changes take place which determines the strength or weakness of the foundations of one’s skills and capabilities as he or she grows up. Human development has also been an interesting topic or research in the field of psychology over the years. Theories and concepts have been formulated and developed in order to create a wide understanding of the process of human development as it plays a significant part in a person’s foundation as an adult. The developmental process of a child includes several aspects like the physiological, emotional, and cognitive development. In this paper, the focus shall be on cognitive development and the process of language acquisition, as proposed and theorized by Lev Vygotsky. What is Cognitive Development and Language Acquisition? Cognitive development is a part of the overall dynamic process of human maturity. In current media, a lot of products like milk, supplements, and health commodities for children have been advertised to contribute on improving the wellness of a child’s cognitive development. This shows how the current society values this aspect of child development with special importance. Cognitive development pertains to how an individual understands and grasps ideas through learned factors and genetics as well. This developmental aspect is made up of five fields, namely, information processing, intelligence, reasoning, language development, and memory (Wells, 2008). Understanding the whole cognitive development of a child may not be complete without understanding these core fields. However, this paper shall focus on one area which is language development. The definition of intelligence and cognitive development has also become a popular debate among psychologists like Vygotsky and Piaget. Piaget defines intelligence as the ability of an individual to adapt to his or her environment through several adaptation models which include the concepts of assimilation and accommodation, both of which place stronger emphasis on the individual (cited in Lloyd, 1995). On the other hand, Vygotsky argues that cognitive development refers to the capacity of a person to learn through instruction with an emphasis on the environment. Moreover, Vygotsky saw the capability of individuals to learn through instruction as the basic feature of human intelligence (cited in Lloyd, 1995). In medical terms, language development can be identified as the process wherein the complexity of symbols, sounds, and meanings combined is being expanded steadily. This process shall depend on how a person interprets, understands, and perceives objects and symbols as influenced by his or her environment and learning process (Biology Online, 2005). Among children, especially those of 1 to 2 years of age, the early developments in language can be very well observed in their constant cooing, imitation of adult sounds and words, babbling, and use of shortened words and sentences (Biology Online, 2005). Lev Vygotsky’s Views on the Roots of Though and Language Lev Semenovich Vygotsky is a German psychologist who explained and expounded on the genetic approach to the early developments of thoughts and concepts in human development. He connected the changes and transitions occurring in this process from childhood to adulthood through a series of human developmental stages (Marxist Internet Archive, 1990). Although his theories have been rejected in the United States during the earlier part of the political conflict between the U. S. and Soviet Union, his works still became popular as the Cold War ended up to present date. His works basically revolved around the roots of thought and language. It will be easier to understand Vygotsky’s theories in psychology by understanding the main arguments from which his theories are rooted from. His main arguments about intelligence and cognitions state that, (1) thinking is understood developmentally in terms of its roots and succeeding growth at the individual and cultural levels of analysis; (2) thinking is interceded by semiotic mechanisms like speech which can be considered as the most powerful of such mechanisms; and (3) there are certain thinking processes like problem solving, voluntary memory, and self-regulation which have roots from social processes and interactions (Vygotsky cited in Goswami, 2004). As one may observe, more often than not, Vygotsky used the terms â€Å"speech† and â€Å"thinking† than language and thought. This preference to use such terms was believed to be linked with his perception of speech as a social or shared process (Lloyd, 1995). For Vygotsky, the developments of thinking and speech are two separate entities: thought being non-verbal and language being non-intellectual. However, he explained that during a specific time in a person’s life (around the age of two), the lines of development of these two areas start to meet again to induce the creation of a new behavior (Vygotsky cited in Schutz, 2004). He was able to expound his positions on this concept as he noted that, (1) thinking and speech have different roots at the start of their development; (2) at the beginning, there will be a pre-intellectual stage for speech and a pre-linguistic stage for thought; (3) there will come a point in time when these two aspects shall follow different curves unaffected with each other; (4) at a second point, their curves shall meet where thought will turn verbal, and speech, on the other hand, will turn rational; and lastly, (5) thinking and speech are not always overlying each other (Lloyd, 1995). Vygotsky’s theory has also been particular about the construction of words and acquisition of word meanings. He explains that the formation of word and word meaning is in a way related to how a child perceives a problem in communicating with his or her guardian. Vygotsky claims that word meanings are derived from the problem of not knowing what to call or how to describe a specific object, feeling, or thought, which the child usually asks from an adult (cited in Schutz, 2004). Vygotsky also acquired interest in understanding the possibilities that language may indeed affect how a person thinks. In contrast to Piaget’s focus on children’s egocentric and private speech, Vygotsky dealt with language as a form of social communication which progressively supports both language and thinking process. Applications of Vygotsky’s Constructivist Cognition Concept to a Child’s Education and Language formation Vygotsky’s Language Acquistion Theory has been influenced by the constructivist approach. In constructivism, problem solving is the core idea of all forms of learning, thinking, and development; that is, as a child encounters a problem and discovers consequences for its solutions, he or she eventually forms his or her thinking and understanding of a certain concept (Vygotsky cited in Brewer, 2007). In the constructivist view, prior knowledge plays a big part on how a child will perceive things as he or she grows up; that is, it is important for the learner to be able to construct new information into his or her current knowledge because the information connected to the learner’s prior experiences shall be forgotten easily. In application to real life situations, teachers can try to learn about the children’s prior knowledge about a specific problem or a specific topic which confuses them in order to gauge what the children already know and help them understand different experiences (Brewer, 2007). In relation to language development, Vygotsky also coined the concept of the zone of proximal development, which emphasizes that children acquire knowledge about objects and concepts they see as confusing through directed interactions from guardians, teachers, and parents. He explained that what children learn with the guidance and assistance of people around them appears to be a lot more suggestive of their learning development compared to what they usually do alone (Vygotsky, 1987, qtd. in Lloyd, 1995). Thus, speech and word meaning which is acquired by a child alone may not give him or her the utmost linguistic potential he or she can have. Language development as well as the other aspects of development a child goes through in the early years is highly important regardless of the learning genre or theory followed. Theories like Vygotsky’s language acquisition theory are formulated to give people specific basis of the different developmental processes. A child’s language development is never as plain as teaching him or her words and names; rather, it is a complex process which involves crucial elements and key areas where parents, teachers, and concerned guardians have to focus on in order to help the child realize his or her full potential. References Biology Online. (2005, October 3). Language Development.Retrieved November 14, 2008 from http://www. biology-online. org/dictionary/Language_development Brewer, W. (2007). Learning theory: Constructivist approach. Answers. com. Retrieved November 14, 2008 from http://www. answers. com/topic/learning-theory-constructivist-approach Goswami, U. (2004). Blackwell Handbook of Childhood Cognitive Development. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing. Lloyd. P. (1995). Psychology: Cognitive and Language Development. Leicester, UK: British Psychological Society. Marxist Internet Archive. (1990). Vygotsky, Lev Semenovich (1896-1934). Retrieved November 14, 2008 from http://www. marxists. org/glossary/people/v/y. htm#vygotsky-lev Schutz, R. (2004, December 5). Vygotsky & language acquisition. English Made in Brazil. Retrieved November 14, 2008 from http://www. sk. com. br/sk-vygot. html Wells, K. R. (2008). Cognitive development. Encyclopedia of Children’s Health. Retrieved November 14, 2008 from http://www. healthofchildren. com/C/Cognitive-Development. html

A review on delay-minimized routing protocol in mobile cognitive ad hoc networks

A review on delay-minimized routing protocol in mobile cognitive ad hoc networks Mobile Cognitive Ad Hoc Networks is one of the cognitive radio networks which is the advanced networking technologies for spectrum scarcity problem constrain in the Federal Communication Commission (FCC). The cognitive radio networks are the cognitive network which abjects its network parameters with respect to the network environment. In cognitive radio network two users namely the primary and secondary or cognitive users will access the available spectrum to communicate each other when the spectrum is accessed by the primary user the secondary user must leave the spectrum and access the spectrum when spectrum holes available for transmission. So routing is challenging issues in cognitive networks and it is very challenging in mobile cognitive networks due to the node mobility, primary user interface and spectrum scarcity in this paper some routing protocols based on mobile ad hoc cognitive networks and a review on the delay-Minimized routing protocol are presented. Cognitive Radio Networks (CRN) is the new technology used to overcome the spectrum scarcity problem in current wireless networks by the Federal Communication Commission (FCC). In cognitive radio network is a network which has primary and secondary users which access the network based on Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA). The primary user is the licensed user and secondary user is unlicensed user when the licensed user is accessing the spectrum the unlicensed user are not allowed so the secondary user has to sense the spectrum periodically to find the presence of primary user, presence of primary user is in dynamic in nature so the spectrum holes created by primary user is dynamic so the Cognitive user uses the DSA. While using the DSA routing is the challenging in cognitive radio networks. Classification of Cognitive radio networks Cognitive Radio Networks (CRN) is of infrastructure and infrastructure less, in infrastructure network it has a fixed structure like base station primary users secondary users and so on, in infrastructure network it has no fixed structure. Centralized and Decentralized networks the Centralized network is the network in which has on the base station in the central and have primary users are present. The decentralized network is the network which has no centralized base station and has the secondary users to communicate and primary users Static and dynamic networks the static networks the position of the base station, primary users and secondary users are fixed but in the dynamic (Ad-Hoc) the position on primary users and the secondary user will change (Mobility is nature). Routing in Cognitive radio networks Routing in Cognitive radio networks is based on available spectrum and knowledge of spectrum to nodes in the network. Routing solutions for the Cognitive radio networks are of two types one is Full Spectrum Knowledge routing and second is Local Spectrum Knowledge routing. Local Spectrum Knowledge routing has Minimum Power Routing, Minimum Delay-based Routing, Maximum Throughput-based Routing, Geographic Routing and Class-based Routing. Spectrum-Aware Routing (SPEAR) Spectrum-Aware Routing (SPEAR) is an on-demand and link-based protocol support end-to-end throughput by integration of flow-based and link-based approaches, it used RREQ for route discovery by control channels it takes decisions with the collaboration of PHY and MAC layers it handles mobility issues with Timeout field in periodic channel reservations messages. It takes the best path by maximum throughput, minimum hop count and link quality it has a communication overhead by route setup and route tear down. Spectrum-Aware Mesh Routing (SAMER) Spectrum-Aware Mesh Routing (SAMER) is a link state routing protocol with a minimum hop count and spectrum availability it gives end-to-end thought with the path with high spectrum availability, long-term stability and short-term opportunistic utilization of spectrum. The routing decisions are taken by PHY and MAC layers. Spectrum-Aware On-Demand Routing Protocol (SORP) Spectrum-Aware On-Demand Routing Protocol (SORP) is an AODV protocol with control channel which uses the path delay and node delay (switching and back off delay) for path selection. In route discovery phase RREQ message is broadcast with an SOP append in the packet the control channel exchange the routing protocol messages and it gives end-to-end thought put SORP doesn’t have link failure handling mechanism. Multi-hop Signal-transceiver Cognitive Radio Network Routing Protocol (MSCRP) Multi-hop Signal-transceiver Cognitive Radio Network Routing Protocol (MSCRP) is an AODV protocol with on control channel. It is a spectrum aware routing and leaves/ joins messages of the nodes so it has the communication overhead of RREQ. In the route discovery phase, all nodes append their sate information and available channels set. The routing decision is taken with the collaboration of MA C, Physical and Network Layers. Routing in Opportunistic Cognitive Radio Networks Routing in Opportunistic Cognitive Radio Networks is an on-demand graph-structured network protocol which uses the routing metric based on the probabilistic definition of available capacity over channel it has no link failure handling capacity and it discovers the route by using OSPF, Dijkstra-link algorithm. By using this Dijkstra-link algorithm it gives end-to-end throughput Local Coordination Based Routing and Spectrum assignment in Multi-hop Cognitive Radio Networks Local Coordination Based Routing and Spectrum assignment in Multi-hop Cognitive Radio Networks is a modified version of AODV which is on-demand routing protocol it has full mesh topology which uses channel scanning and beacon broadcast for neighbor discovery with control channel used for load balancing in routing. The route discovery is done by using RREQ and route decision is based on MAC and Network Layer. It has a link failure handling capability which gives less end-to-end delay and performance. Multipath Routing and Spectrum Access (MRSA) Multipath Routing and Spectrum Access (MRSA) is Mesh routing protocol based on round robin fashion data striping with minimum hop count by route discovery with control channel, Broadcasting RREQ messages. The messages sent to nodes periodically it can handle path failures by sending RERR messages and it has a communication overhead based on multiple flows on a single radio. Cognitive Tree-based Routing (CTBR) Cognitive Tree-based Routing (CTBR) is the tree-based routing protocol with centralized routing it broadcast the root announcement (RANN) message periodically with a packet and used cumulative metric for path selection. It selects the path based on local and global decision schemes. It does not have a route recovery mechanism to handle link failure s and it has a control bytes transmission overhead. Fault-Tolerant Cognitive Ad-Hoc Routing Protocol (FTCARP) It is a fast and efficient routing protocol for route recovery in presence of path failures during data delivery. It uses different route recovery mechanisms for different path failures. Cognitive Destination Sequence Distance Vector (C-DSDV) Protocol It is a table-driven routing protocol. To optimize the system performance of multi-hop CR ad-hoc networks by using multichannel routing table are updated immediately when there is a change in channels the techniques is that combines the routing and channel allocation. In route discover phase common control channel use to broadcast the route updating in the routing table in this protocol best path selection is based on sequence number. In C-DSDV channel switching is used to improve the system performances. If there are more primary users routing overhead will be increased Cognitive Ad-Hoc On-demand Distance Vector (C-AODV) Protocol Cognitive Ad-Hoc On-demand Distance Vector (C-AODV) Protocol is based on AODV a wireless network protocol it is designed according to avoid primary users activates regains for routing formation and packet discovery. It gives the minimized route cost by forwarding packets through the joint pat h and channel selection at each node it takes the advantage of the availability of multiple channels to improve the overall performances. SER-Spectrum and Energy Aware Routing Protocol SER is an on-demand routing protocol which provides high throughput in multi-hop networks it selects an energy efficient route and assigns channels and timeslots for a connection request. The communication segment assignment algorithm is used for balances traffic load among the CR users. In route discovery phase it broadcasts Route Request Messages to other nodes so it has routing overhead of RRE, RREP, RERR and ROP messages. GYMKHANA Protocol GYMKHANA is an on-demand routing protocol and an enhanced version of AODV used the GYMKHANA algorithm using virtual graphs and evaluate the cost by using the Laplacian matrix. It has a secondary user’s self-interference overhead. UNITED NODE Protocol UNITED NODE Protocol is a distributed and efficient based interference-aware routing protocol. It incorporates the spectrum availability cost and interference metrics into the routing algorithm to find better routes between the nodes it repairs routes by using route preservation method. It provides adaptability to the environment and increases throughput and reduces data delivery latency. DELAY-MINIMIZED ROUTING PROTOCOLS FOR MOBILE COGNITIVE RADIO Ad-Hoc NETWORKS POPCORN Protocol ROPCORN Protocol is the on-demand routing protocol which was designed for data transportation using link modeling and used to minimized delay for a set of users in the network. It broadcast the packets in link with the low cost and no primary user is affected. POPCORN is based on RACON protocol it uses buffers in the intermediate nodes and forwards the packets there is no overhead due to the use of spectrum availability and load estimation, the optimal route selection is based on the spatial or temporal locality of link disconnection. SEARCH A Routing Protocol It is the on-demand routing protocol and an enhanced version of AODV which is based on the geographic routing and follows the greedy forwarding and PU avoidance for joint channel-path optimization algorithm to find the best path. SEARCH undertakes both the path and selection to avoid PU activity region and tries to maintain end-to-end latency it has routing overhead due to the RRE, RREP, RERR and ROP messages. Link Prediction-Based Ad aptive Routing Link Prediction-Based Adaptive Routing is based on the link-availability prediction. The link –availability prediction considers primary user activity and user mobility. This routing reduces the energy consumption and gives the least delay by enhances network performance. It works based on link prediction and topology control Joint Routing and Channel Assignment Joint Routing and Channel Assignment (JRCA) approach based on delay prediction and a heuristic algorithm which used the collision probability and Link Stability Prediction. It is an on-demand routing protocol which user AODV type of routing with heuristic values and can find out the path with minimal end-to-end (e2e) delay. Adaptive Delay Tolerant Routing Protocol (ADTRP) The ADTRP algorithm finds a stable sequence of instances of the mobile graph and the communication topology of interest such that the number of transitions from one instance of the topology to another in the sequence is the global minimum. The algorithm uses the average lifetime of the mobile graphs in the stable sequence for communication topology and it is a generic for a stable sequence of any communication topology it uses the heuristic topology for routing so it improved throughput, better packet delivery ratio, decreased packet drop and reduced delay. STOD-RP: A Spectrum-Tree Based On-Demand Routing Protocol STOD-RP is an on-demand routing protocol which was designed for reduces the control overhead and average end-t-end delay minimization and it is an extension of the original Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol which uses spectrum tree addresses, spectrum decision and route selection in an efficient way for this route matrix is used. Fast and efficient spectrum-adaptive route recovery method is used when the path is damaged. In routing is challenging issues in cognitive networks and it is very challenging in mobile cognitive networks due to the node mobility primary user interface and spectrum scarcity this paper concludes that every protocol is designed for overcome certain problem in networks one is for multiple problems and one is for single problem like improving performance, minimized end-to-end delay, overall throughput increasing and so on. There is a for more protocols or improved versions of protocols for increasing problems and recruitments. In further work on this paper, a delay minimized routing protocol is proposed and implemented that improved version protocol in NS3 will be presented

Define,describe and give examples of classical and operant Essay

Define,describe and give examples of classical and operant conditioning - Essay Example If the neutral and unconditioned stimuli are repeatedly paired together, according to the classical conditioning model, the association will produce a behavioral response, which is the â€Å"conditioned response†. Classical conditioning supports the idea that organisms develop responses to particular stimuli that are not naturally occurring but instead generalized from one stimulus onto a neutral stimulus that is paired with it. For instance, in the case of Pavlov’s dog, the meat powder was good, the experimenter was associated with the meat powder, and therefore, the experimenter was associated with good. This syllogistic relationship is a natural and very powerful concept. When Pavlov began pairing a bell sound with the meat powder, he discovered that even when the meat powder did not come, the dogs still responded with salivation. This finding indicated that the dogs prepared for food, even though there was no actual food being presented to them. Operant conditioning is different because it describes a situation in which an individual modifies the content of its behaviors due to an association of that behavior with a stimulus. The classic example involves placing a cat in a box with only one way out.

Proposed change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Proposed change - Essay Example that hand, hygiene is universally acknowledged by several organization such as, World Health Organization (W.H.O), and Center for Disease Control (C.D.C), as the main requirement for cross infection. The effect the following strategies will be employed to ensure that hand hygiene is implemented to the letter to control cross infection (White, 2012pp.304) Several communication strategies will be employed to ensure that hand hygiene is not only initiated but also complied and strongly adhered to. Firstly, hand hygiene will be made a policy before any procedure is done to the patient or on anything since cross infection come in any form. This will form a breech in any case the policies on hand hygiene that are written and communicated to staff are end up reneged. By doing this, discipline will be instilled to the staff that just decide to be reckless. Another area that is important to ensure effective communication is by examining the organizational or institutional culture for this case is the hospital. Organization culture plays a pivotal role in facilitating and supporting effective communication across. In this case, communication should have open channels; there should be transparency and trust. This will ensure mutual trust between those who are the target of communication. The objective is to change their habitual character of poor hand hygiene. Still on the organization culture, there is a need to have leadership support. Health care teams need strong leadership to ensure that whatever is communicated is implemented. The policies and procedure earlier communicated will only be implemented if only there is strong leadership. Strategy here is strengthening the organizational leadership first. On the education of the health care team, the educator must do the following as the strategy of giving a thoughtful education to the health care staff to have an impact on implementing hand hygiene. One there must be a clearly stated links between the communication and

Creative Writing Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Creative Writing - Personal Statement Example They pay fees for us to produce results, and it would make no sense if we they do not full results from us. I do believe that I deserve the A grade. First, I have been an active participant in class activities. The professor always received my assignment on time. He always left a positive remark on every assignment that I submitted to him. From this, I do am partially convinced that an â€Å"A† grade is indeed the most appropriate grade for me. Our professor normally set for us exams from what we had learned in class and given as assignment. Remember the proverb, â€Å"where there is smoke, there is always fire† and â€Å"the presence of clouds is a symbol of rain.† How should one know whether a student is speaking the truth or not? (Nosich 28)Whereas others may argue or ask for the evidence concerning my performance, all I can say is that a performing student always stands out from other students. Professors and tutors rarely need evidence to know how a performing or bright student actually look like or behave. Performance always goes hand in hand with character of a person. However, I do not dispute or refuse any suggestions to hand over my assignment books for evaluation or verification of the truth. Some people say, â€Å"valid evidence is the only convincing way or method to truth claims.† I am ready to bring any evidence in support of my claim. In addition to that, I have always been an active participant of our class activities such as writing of successful projects related to CRTW. I believe activeness in any activity outside the class equips an individual with the necessary skills for the practical application of what he or she learnt at class. Using the above method or principle to evaluation, other students and I will undoubtedly provide a leeway for knowing each student personally. I believe it will be the best and most appropriate method for evaluating us. Interpretation of my performance in the past assignments and their analyses will lead

Book review,William Shawcross,Deliver Us From Evil Essay

Book review,William Shawcross,Deliver Us From Evil - Essay Example Unlimited powers, aided by astonishing schineitif and technological achievements have rendered the task or peace more difficult. A small mistake by the decision making authority could result in enormous losses to humanity. The war of push-buttons is unimaginably calamitous than the war of weapons that were used by the war-machine during the I and II World Wars. William Showcross shows the great duress under which Kofi Annan functioned. Failure of men like Kofi Annan is the failure of UN, as Showcross puts it succinctly. The purpose of the book, broadly speaking, is to highlight why UN fails in its avowed objectives of establishing peace in the troubled regions. For example, about Iraq, he writes, when United States and Britain did bombings for four days, in 1998, Annan made a short statement, â€Å"This is a sad day for the United Nations, and for the world—it is also a very sad day for me personally.†(Showcross, p. 33) Showcross has highlighted in the book, how the Secretary General, has to work under very difficult circumstances, will be squarely blamed by the suffering people, for allegedly taking sides with the super powers like USA, UK and USSR. Another war will result in total destruction of the world. But regional conflicts are on the rise, threaten world peace, and the unexpected conflagrations can not be ruled out. T herefore, the legal arguments for humanitarian intervention, is necessitated and the world leaders have no other option but to pursue it vigorously. The book highlights the lack of international intelligence system to facilitate the global converge and public education required to mobilize and sustain multi-national peacekeeping operations. From the financial perspective, UN peace keeping operations depend upon the funding by the contributing nations. Whether they will provide the incremental assistance required during the big peace-keeping operations

Qualitative Data Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Qualitative Data Analysis - Essay Example The essay shows the importance of establishing linkages and the possible changes that occur in these linkages. The two cases of venture into Taiwan and Korea are different and show the significance of linkages and how firms establish linkages. In Taiwan the multinational company established a joint venture with a large local firm and the venture was less expensive and fast. In this case the form of linkage formed by the firm is through establishing china suppliers and also local suppliers of its goods. The purpose why MNE will create linkages with suppliers is because they will be in a position to communicate about the quality and prices that are desired in the market. Firms in most cases will opt to establish partners but if this fails they will tend to establish these linkages on their own. The advantage of forming linkages with suppliers is them being a source of information regarding the current trends in the market. Linkages will widen and also deepen over time when an MNE inves ts in a foreign country, linkages will widen as the firm expands in the host countries where it forms linkages with several suppliers. From this essay therefore it is clear that linkages developed by firms are beneficial to the MNE and therefore there is need for the MNE to understand the importance of developing linkages, they help firms to gain competitive advantage, however there is need to undertake more research on the forms and types of linkages formed by these firms and also regarding the disadvantages of forming these linkages.

The effect of vitamin D on Multiple Sclerosis Research Paper

The effect of vitamin D on Multiple Sclerosis - Research Paper Example Vitamin D is vital in improving several symptoms associated with MS. However, it is unclear as to whether consuming supplements having vitamin D can prevent one from developing multiple sclerosis or treat the symptoms after the illness affects a person. Certain genes also link with the development of MS. However, since researchers portray differences with regard to their understanding pertaining to multiple sclerosis, it is difficult to know if vitamin D can help is treating or preventing different instances of MS (Robinson, 2015). For example, in case an individual develops multiple sclerosis and want to consume vitamin D, it may not harm cause harm or worsen the symptoms. Nonetheless, people may be unlikely to witness any changes to the symptoms they develop. They should refrain from taking vitamin D in line with other types of medications. Therefore, an individual should consult a doctor before consuming supplements, such as those having vitamin D (Watson, 2013). Vitamin D may prevent a person from developing MS or minimize its severity. It plays a crucial role with respect to helping an individual develop healthy bones. Nevertheless, researchers are looking for certain ways in which they can reveal the role that vitamin D plays in diverse body parts. However, although vitamin D may boost the nervous and immune systems in an individual’s body, the manner in which it works it unclear (Swanson, 2015). Certain cells in the nervous and immune systems of a person have vitamin D receptors. The receptors prevail on a cell’s surface whose role is to receive signals from chemicals. Once the cells merge with receptors, chemical signals direct cells to behave in certain ways, die or divide. The cells also regulate the amount of vitamin D present in them. For instance, after the immune systems of a body are subjected to vitamin D using laboratory experiments, they tend to swell. This reveals that

Gender role Essay Example for Free

Gender role Essay â€Å"Bros before hos, The guy code, is a piece by Michael Kimmel, published on the Anthology portable legacies on 2009; On this piece Kimmel explains what The guy code is and how these code defines guys masculinity in todays society and how society expects guys to behave. Kimmel also explains that young boys are taught these rules by a male figure in their lives at a very young age and they grow up with the pressure of having to follow these rules no matter what. The guy code is a collection of rules, traits and values that make a man. â€Å"What is a man?† was the question asked to teenagers in their late teens and early 20s. Where their answers were things like: â€Å"Boys don’t cry†, â€Å"Don’t get mad – Get even†, â€Å"Take it like a man†, and many more. Kimmel then proceeds and gives the four rules that have been summarized by Robert Brannon, a social psychologist of the 1970s. Some of these rules are: â€Å"No sissy stuff!†, â€Å"Be a Big Wheel†, â€Å"Be a Sturdy Oak†, â€Å"Give em Hell†. (655) These rules supposedly define masculinity and that one a man disobeys those rules, the risk is being bullied with words like â€Å"fagot† and â€Å"gay† that are used as an insult to describe a mans weakness. The guy code also creates competition between most men, from playing the best sports, better jobs, pretties girl, nicer cars, etc. and it has been like this from a long time ago due to men wanting the power, respect, and that image of being better than the other man. Creating the image that all men are supposed to be unemotional, powerful and successful beings. Kimmel also claims that in the future, the guy code causes social and psychological problems for boys and young men. Renteria 2 Men have been taught this guy code ever since they were young boys; their uncles, grandpas, dad, coaches, peers or any male figure in a mans life are the ones that start tell little boys to â€Å"man up† or â€Å"dont cry† and is no longer able to cry or show emotion, leading to their behavior in the future. The little kids learn to always hold in their emotion and to never show weakness. Kimmel then gives an example of how boys are introduced to the guy code: A three year old boy that was crying at the barbershop because he was burnt by hot chemicals. The barber said to the boys dad, he was a wimp for crying and he needed to stay away from his mom and the boys dad decided after that, his child was spending more time with him and less time with his mother because he was scared of his son  being a mamas boy. (659) As a child grows up and parents push them to be strong and tough by keeping them away from their mothers nurturing. Kimmel also talks about the Gender Police that is basically other guys around them who watch and judge how they act , what they wear and say even how they walk because with a little natural swing on their hips they could be called a fag making homosexuality seems as a weakness. The gender police makes them feel like they are ust waiting for someone else to screw up, for someone to wear something pink or acting a little bit feminine. and just putting standards for each other, forcing themselves and guys around them to create a fake cover where they act rough and manly around each other. This judgments make man feel like they are being watched because of the fear of being ridiculed and humiliated by their peers. Kimmel said that men are more about what other men think about them; however the judgment from girls because as a girl the social media taught us to be attracted to tough guys,for example in any Disney movie where the superhero is the dependable, rich, handsome, muscular guy wh o takes care and provides everything for the girl, creating an idea that masculinity is success, wealth and power. Renteria 3 Peers are another big influence and problem of this guy code. Another example from the article is about Don,a former Lehigh College football player, who discuses the effects of always having to put up a front and act tough in front of his teammates and his coaches. He says that his coach would always make fun of or humiliate any one of his players for showing any sign of weakness or fatigue. Don says Im sure he thought he was building up our strength and ability to play, but it wore me out trying to pretend all the time, to suck it up and just take it.(656) If a guy doesnt follow the rules in the guy code he will be criticized by other man, often times bullied, and lose friends which leads to low self-stem. Men are scared of what other men will say or think about them regardless of the situation. While the Guy Code may have been meant to make men stronger it causes more harm than good turning out more self destructive in the end It causes them to grow up thinking that showing emotion is never an option, which leads them to depression, and emotion issues, aggression towards themselves and the ones around them. Kimmels article is really good, since it talks about a topic that need to be discussed more; it gives examples and  even talks about of where the problem begins; but it still seems quite limited to me since as Kimmel explains what the guy code is, it still does not apply to all man, for the reasons that for some guys, the guy code is just a challenge or a phase where they learn how to express their emotions, also the question that were being asked only cover white middle class man that live in a certain area, In America theres a great variety of immigrants coming from places all around the world, also if Kimmel had questioned people from a less homophobic part of the c ountry, then there would be a better chance of getting a more gender equal survey. Work cited Kimmel, Michael. â€Å"Bros before hos, The guy code.† Anthology Portable Legacies 2nd edition. Ed. Jan Zlotnik Schmidt and Lynne Crockett. Boston, MA, 2009. 654 – 669. Print.

Rhys In Wide Sargasso Sea Analysis

Rhys In Wide Sargasso Sea Analysis Rhys in Wide Sargasso sea illustrates how Antoinettes identity is so completely weaken through the patriarchal oppression that when she looks into the mirror she does not recognize her own reflection. It was then I saw her the ghost ,the woman with streaming hair. she was surrounded by a gift frame but I knew her(pg.154). Antoinette does not realize that what she sees is a reflection of her broken selfhood. Her self hood has under gone an irretrievable split. With her heart and spirit broken she began to exhibit signs of an emotionally weak, confused and unbalanced woman. Rhys gives voice to madwoman who has been othered by imperialistic and patriarchal oppression. Her madness is shown through out the novel to be a reaction to oppression. Antoinette is imprisoned by the patriarchal rules of her marriage, which eventually leads to madness. Antoinettes marriage is the culmination of this enforced literal oppression. Rhys illustrates the injustice of Rochesters assumption that mothers madness must inevitably passed on to the daughter. Rhys shows that Rochesters cruelty towards Antoinette is due to a projection onto her of his hate for his father, and the marriage arrangement which he has been pushed into. His anger is the anger of the oppressed. Like Antoinette, he is a victim of imperialistic and patriarchal oppression. I agree with Teresa F.OConnors arguments about Mr. Rochesters cruel treatment of Antoinette. She argues that her cruelties derive from his own rejection by his father and Antoinette becomes his scape-goat for the hate he feels towards him(162). Although, Mr. Rochesters cruelties derive from his hatred of his father, but his cruelties are still approved of by the patriarchal society. He is allowed to treat his wife disrespectfully because of the patriarchal norms. Thus, Mr. Rochester with his patriarchal oppression, is the reason for their failed marriage. Teresa F. O Connor says that, Mr. Rochester acts as the colonizing English aggressive, controlling, urban, and a warrior that captures wealth, property and people(170). Antoinettes attempt to make her husband love her by seducing him into having sexual inter-course with her is ineffective. Rochester reflects in the text; I woke in the dark after dreaming that i was buried alive, and when I was awake the feeling of suffocation persisted(Rhys 87). The suffocation he feels derives from finding himself in the power of his wife and not the other way around. He then demonstrates his sexual power over her by denying her a physical relationship with him, yet sleeping with the black servant, Amelia, he derives her further away from her identity. Mr. Rochesters infidelity is a way for her to demonstrate his patriarchal power over Antoinette and show her that she can not control him. Rochester tries to assign animality to his wife. He describes Antoinette degradingly by trying to destroy her human identity and make her more animal like. When Antoinette comes out of her room and rages about her husbands infidelity with Amelia, he diminishes Antoinettes human features in order to explain her madness, Her hair hung uncombed and dull into her eyes which were inflamed and staring, her face was very flushed and looked swollen.(Rhys93) Alienation is the major reason for Antoinettes psychological break down. Mr. Rochester alienates her by eliminating her identity and forcing a new one upon her. For in Wide Sargasso sea Rochesters rejection of Antoinette is the final straw in her isolated, painful, emotionally deprived life which cause her to adopt an exact mirroring of mothers expression which allows Rochester to label her Bertha, the stereotype of madness created by patriarchal society. The moment he turns Antoinette into Bertha and then to Marionette is emblematic. Rochester can be seen here as an agressive tyrant, when he deprives Antoinette from her identity. Rhys writes him directly into the role of colonize at the point where he changes Antoinettes name to Bertha. She becomes like a mirror, first wiped, clean of her own selfhood into which he then project his self-hatred, which he finally breaks up as she might a doll, chanting to her, the lulling and demeaning refrain, Marionette, Antoinette, in attempt to get rid of his own guilt. He begins to call her Bertha, signaling the beginning of his separating himself from her (ironically he likes to call her Bertha because it is a name dear to him). Rochester renames Antoinette; he controls her body now, but not her spirit. Antoinette is only a puppet, a doll for him, the doll had a dolls voice, a breathless but curiously indifferent voice(Rhys155). This also indicates that men reduce women to objects in order to control them, but inside the doll, underneath, the disguise, there is still the woman, who has feelings and emotions and who would rather give up her body then her spirit. We can see in part three of Wide Sargasso sea, Antoinette attaches values to names, Names matter, like when he woudnt call me Antoinette, and I saw Antoinette drifting out of the window with her scents, her pretty clothes and her looking glass(Rhys 117). Names matter because they are part of a persons identity and through a persons name he or she can be identified in a community. Mr. Rochester also shows his colonial power when he eliminates his wifes identity, as a colonizer he tries to force a British identity upon her. The patriarchal Mr. Rochesters obsession to dominate and control his wife makes him alienate Antoinette from her own identity. He tries to eliminate Antoinettes identity and turns her into a Victorian Englishwoman. Though Antoinette seems to perceive her fate as inevitable, she gives in and dies emotionally. She never becomes Bertha, at least not the perfect angel that Rochester wants to be. She says Bertha is not my name; you are trying to make me into someone else, calling me by another name. Renaming Antoinette is one way in which Rochester exerts his masculine power over his wife. He tries to create a woman whom he can control, dominate and possess. But Antoinette only seems to submit to it. Her struggle is on the inside, and instead of becoming the English girl, Rochester wishes her to be, she becomes someone else, someone much like her mother was. In the end of the part two when Mr. Rochester and Antoinette are about o leave for England, Mr. Rochester notices that she has lost her vitality and acts completely passive. She was so shocked to see Rochesters behavior towards her that she becomes like Zombie, having no soul. Teresa F.OConnors says that, the mad females in Wide Sargasso Sea turn their madness inwards (197). This is what happens to Antoinette, the destruction and alienation of her identity leads to her madness. Thus Mr. Rochester considers her to be mad. He wants to destroy her even more by eliminating every autonomous part of her, he wants complete control over her body and mind. By destroying her last spark of life, he turns Antoinette into an aphasic object. Being turned into someone else and loosing the only place where she has felt happiness and safety, gives her nothing to identify with. But I love this place and you have made it into a place I hate. I used to think that if everything else went out of my life I would still have this, and now you have spoilt it. Its just some where else where I have been unhappyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. (Rhys95) Thus, Mr. Rochester has power, through his patriarchal position in their marriage, the power to destroy both Antoinettes identity of soul and identity of place. Rhys allows Antoinette to rise above her situation by seeking final revenge on Rochester and gaining back her independence, her sanity and her life. Rhys shows from the beginning of Antoinettes marriage, her defensive behavior. When her husband tries to teach her about the life style he finds correct, she argues against him in order to maintain her own ideals and values. She also fights to keep her husband when she finds out about his infidelity, she asks Christophine to help her with Obeah (Voodoo) in order to maker her husband love her. Christophine who is the figure of female independence in all forms (sexually, economically and politically) suggests to Antoinette what to do and how to solve their problems with her husband. Christophine advices Antoinette to be strong and independent like her self. She says, A man dont treat you good, pick up your skirt and walk out. In the end he comes to find how you do without him, he sees you fat and happy, he wants you back. Men are like that (pg69). What is certain is that Christophine considers her self free to contrast Rochesters behavior to accuse him of reducing Antoinette to a doll. She is so self-confident to answer him directly, coldly and going beyond his pretension of patriarchal power, this is a free country and I am a free woman. Christophine says to Rochester, she tells me in the middle of this you start calling her names Marionette some what so. Here Rhys illustrate that sexual and emotional oppression seems to be the key idea in patriarchal tyranny, for Antoinette lets her self to be victimized by the enemy, the man she was trick into marrying. In the end, however, after Rochester has drained her of all emotions, she manages to break free from the sufferings by making her last act of self-determination. With this last step, Rhys turns her mad woman into a symbol of female liberation. Antoinette finally regains her activity in the third part of the novel, and takes responsibility for her own life. In this way, she takes her destiny in her own hands. Teresa F. OConnor disagrees with other critics about the third part of Wide Sargasso Sea, where Antoinette appears to burn down her husbands house in England and commit suicide. She does not believe that Antoinettes act of burning down the house is an act of rebellion and resistance. She believes it to be a passive act since Antoinette is unaware that her act is rebellious (168). I disagree with Teresa that the apparent act of burning down Mr. Rochesters house is a passive act. Antoinette does not really burn down in her dream, she ha a premonition in her dream that she sets his house on fire and commits suicide by jumping from the building. When she wakes up she is convinced of what she has to do. Now at last I know why I was brought here and what I have to do. This statement is made by a woman perfectly awake with a clear mind. Antoinettes act of burning down his house is an active choice which brings her back from her apathy. This is an act of revenge that restores her agency that her husband had tried to eliminate. In the light of Cixouss theory, I support my statement that Antoinettes madness is a rebellion against the patriarchal repression and before her suicide; she destroys the prison that has held her captive by burning the house, an old dignified English Mansion representing the patriarchal tradition. Antoinettes rebellion against her patriarchal husband can be related to the incident when her childhood home, Coulibri, was burnt down. Despite her husbands effort to destroy her identity and take away her sanity, he can never control her completely. She still has her own will left, which is displayed in her final act of revenge and rebellion against her oppressive husband. She sets her self free from patriarchal oppression and takes command over her own situation by deciding her own course of life or, as in this case, death. Therefore, in part three Rhys with the use of color red shows how Antoinette destroys the dominant discourse of the patriarchal society. Red is metaphorically associated with passion and it is also associated with Antoinette and with her red-soiled through out the Wide Sargasso Sea. It is repeatedly repressed by her husband as he prefers her white dress which is the symbol of innocence and purity. He rejects the flame red dress with which she identifies her self as intemperate and unchaste. This tendency to suppress the color red is reversed in the third part of the novel. As Antoinette takes her red dress that has a meaning from the cupboard in the red curtained room in which she has asked Grace Poole to light a fire and is reminded of the color of fire and sunset in her home town. Every thing associated with red is repeated again and again in the novel to show the destruction of patriarchal order. The red is the color of flames which Antoinette dreams she sets fire to Thorn field, thus symbolically destroying the patriarchal order that is upheld by discourse. She decides to leave the oppressive world behind her by choosing death instead of an imprisoned life, although the choice of death in order to be free may seem as a poor alternative. It does show, though, Antoinettes determination not to be governed and have someone else decide her destiny, by committing suicide she takes her destiny in her own hands. There must have been a draught for the flame, flickered and I thought it was out. But I shielded it with my hand and it burned up against to light me along the dark passage. Thus, Rhys represents her protagonist with a ray of light o guide her hopes. For Antoinette at least the darkness of ignorance, despair and death are finally illuminated by the light of self-knowledge and revolt.